{"description":"Population, literacy, income, health and representation data for India's Muslims, with Hindu and all-India baselines. Free CSVs, every figure source-linked.","metrics":[{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/pop-share.csv","definition":"How much of India's population is Muslim, by the latest census.","figures":"","has_states":true,"higher_is_better":null,"id":"pop-share","latest":{"buddhist":0.6973,"christian":2.2975,"hindu":79.7996,"jain":0.3677,"muslim":14.2251,"sikh":1.7205,"year":2011},"name":"Muslim share of population","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/pop-share/","source":"census-india-2011","unit":"percent","years":[1961,2011]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/urban-share.csv","definition":"What share of each community lives in towns and cities rather than villages.","figures":"Muslim 39.9% vs Hindu 29.2% in 2011, 10.7pp higher.","has_states":true,"higher_is_better":null,"id":"urban-share","latest":{"all":31.14,"buddhist":42.97,"christian":40.12,"hindu":29.2,"jain":79.68,"muslim":39.91,"other":9.31,"sikh":28.33,"year":2011},"name":"Urban share","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/urban-share/","source":"census-india-2011","unit":"percent","years":[2001,2011]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/sex-ratio.csv","definition":"Higher means more women relative to men; a low value signals a gender imbalance favouring males.","figures":"Muslim 951 vs Hindu 939 in 2011, 12 ahead.","has_states":true,"higher_is_better":true,"id":"sex-ratio","latest":{"all":942.7,"buddhist":965.3,"christian":1023.1,"hindu":939.1,"jain":954.2,"muslim":951.3,"other":1008.5,"sikh":902.8,"year":2011},"name":"Sex ratio","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/sex-ratio/","source":"census-india-2011","unit":"females_per_1000_males","years":[1961,2011]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/lit-7plus.csv","definition":"Of people aged 7 and older, what share can read and write. The Census uses 7+ as the standard cutoff to exclude very young children.","figures":"Muslim 68.6% vs Hindu 73.3% in 2011, 4.7pp behind.","has_states":true,"higher_is_better":true,"id":"lit-7plus","latest":{"all":73.0182,"buddhist":81.3125,"christian":84.5578,"hindu":73.3078,"jain":94.9165,"muslim":68.5883,"other":59.9059,"sikh":75.4086,"year":2011},"name":"Literacy rate","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/lit-7plus/","source":"census-india-2011","unit":"percent","years":[2001,2011]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/school-edu-spend.csv","definition":"What a household spends on one school student in an academic year: course fees, textbooks and stationery, uniform, transport and other items. Private coaching is counted separately and left out of this figure. For every INR 100 a Hindu household spends on a student's schooling, a Muslim household spends about INR 71. The reason is not that more Muslim children sit in free government schools: both communities use them at almost the same rate (55.4% and 56.5% of students). Muslim families spend less on fees, books and transport in whichever type of school their children attend.","figures":"Muslim INR 9,249 vs Hindu INR 12,941 in 2025, INR 3,692 lower.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":null,"id":"school-edu-spend","latest":{"all":12616.0,"christian":14178.0,"hindu":12941.0,"muslim":9249.0,"sikh":24408.0,"year":2025},"name":"Spending on school education","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/school-edu-spend/","source":"education-2025","unit":"inr","years":[2017,2025]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/ger-higher-ed.csv","definition":"Of every 100 young people in the college-going age band (18 to 23), how many are attending higher education, a graduate or postgraduate course. Measured from a household survey, so every community is counted the same way.","figures":"Muslim 14.5% vs Hindu 24.2% in 2017, 9.7pp behind.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":true,"id":"ger-higher-ed","latest":{"all":22.8,"christian":28.3,"hindu":24.2,"muslim":14.5,"sikh":24.1,"year":2017},"name":"Higher education attendance rate","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/ger-higher-ed/","source":"nss75-education","unit":"percent","years":[2017,2017]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/lfpr-15plus.csv","definition":"Of people aged 15 and older, what share is in the workforce, either working or actively looking for work. The series now reaches back two decades: participation fell economy-wide from 2004 to 2017 and recovered after, with the Muslim rate trailing throughout.","figures":"Muslim 55.0% vs Hindu 60.9% in 2023, 5.9pp behind.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":true,"id":"lfpr-15plus","latest":{"all":60.1,"christian":62.8,"hindu":60.9,"muslim":55.0,"sikh":56.1,"year":2023},"name":"Labour force participation","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/lfpr-15plus/","source":"plfs","unit":"percent","years":[2004,2023]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/unemployment-rate-15plus.csv","definition":"Of people in the labour force (working or looking for work), what share cannot find work. A low rate is not automatically good news: people who cannot afford to stay unemployed take any informal work, so read it beside the share of workers in salaried jobs.","figures":"Muslim 3.2% vs Hindu 3.1% in 2023, about level.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":false,"id":"unemployment-rate-15plus","latest":{"all":3.2,"christian":4.8,"hindu":3.1,"muslim":3.2,"sikh":5.8,"year":2023},"name":"Unemployment rate","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/unemployment-rate-15plus/","source":"plfs-microdata","unit":"percent","years":[2004,2023]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/salaried-share.csv","definition":"Of all workers, what share has regular salaried jobs (as opposed to self-employment or casual labour). The Muslim share has trailed the all-India share in every survey round for two decades, and the gap is wider today than in 2004.","figures":"Muslim 18.0% vs Hindu 21.9% in 2023, 3.9pp behind.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":true,"id":"salaried-share","latest":{"all":21.7,"christian":27.6,"hindu":21.9,"muslim":18.0,"sikh":26.7,"year":2023},"name":"Workers in salaried jobs","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/salaried-share/","source":"plfs","unit":"percent","years":[2004,2023]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/mpce.csv","definition":"How much a typical person in a community spends in a month, on food, rent, fuel, clothes and everything else. In India this is the usual way to measure how well-off people are, because reliable income data does not exist.","figures":"Muslim INR 4,455 vs Hindu INR 4,974 in 2023, INR 519 behind.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":true,"id":"mpce","latest":{"all":4958.0,"hindu":4974.0,"muslim":4455.0,"year":2023},"name":"Monthly spending per person","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/mpce/","source":"hces-2023-24","unit":"inr_per_month","years":[2004,2023]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/household-net-worth.csv","definition":"What an average household owns (land, buildings, livestock, vehicles, financial assets) minus what it owes. Accumulated wealth runs a far wider gap than monthly spending, though the gap narrowed between 2012 and 2018: urban Muslim households went from holding about half the net worth of urban Hindu households to about two-thirds.","figures":"Muslim INR 15.0 lakh vs Hindu INR 18.8 lakh in 2018, INR 3.8 lakh behind.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":true,"id":"household-net-worth","latest":{"all":1891000.0,"christian":2075000.0,"hindu":1883000.0,"muslim":1501000.0,"sikh":4656000.0,"year":2018},"name":"Household net worth","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/household-net-worth/","source":"aidis-2019","unit":"inr","years":[2012,2018]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/imr.csv","definition":"Of every 1,000 babies born, how many die before their first birthday.","figures":"Muslim 33.0 vs Hindu 35.4 in 2020, 2.4 ahead.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":false,"id":"imr","latest":{"all":34.73,"buddhist":20.99,"christian":25.23,"hindu":35.4,"muslim":33.03,"other":30.61,"sikh":28.42,"year":2020},"name":"Infant mortality rate","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/imr/","source":"nfhs-5","unit":"per_1000_live_births","years":[1998,2020]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/stunting-u5.csv","definition":"Of children under 5, what share is too short for their age, a long-term sign of chronic undernutrition.","figures":"Muslim 36.8% vs Hindu 35.5% in 2020, 1.3pp behind.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":false,"id":"stunting-u5","latest":{"all":35.47,"buddhist":35.4,"christian":31.3,"hindu":35.5,"jain":28.5,"muslim":36.8,"sikh":23.6,"year":2020},"name":"Child stunting (under 5)","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/stunting-u5/","source":"nfhs-5","unit":"percent","years":[2020,2020]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/inst-delivery.csv","definition":"Of recent live births, what share took place at a hospital or health facility rather than at home.","figures":"Muslim 84.3% vs Hindu 89.5% in 2020, 5.2pp behind.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":true,"id":"inst-delivery","latest":{"all":88.58,"buddhist":93.8,"christian":83.3,"hindu":89.5,"jain":99.7,"muslim":84.3,"other":73.4,"sikh":96.1,"year":2020},"name":"Institutional delivery rate","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/inst-delivery/","source":"nfhs-5","unit":"percent","years":[1998,2020]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/women-anemia.csv","definition":"Of women in childbearing age (15 to 49), what share has anaemia (low haemoglobin).","figures":"Muslim 55.6% vs Hindu 57.4% in 2020, 1.8pp ahead.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":false,"id":"women-anemia","latest":{"all":57.0,"buddhist":57.3,"christian":51.1,"hindu":57.4,"jain":45.2,"muslim":55.6,"other":65.5,"sikh":58.8,"year":2020},"name":"Anaemia in women","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/women-anemia/","source":"nfhs-5","unit":"percent","years":[1998,2020]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/hospital-oop-spend.csv","definition":"What a household pays from its own pocket for one hospital admission, after any insurance or employer reimbursement: doctor's fees, medicines, diagnostics, bed and package charges. Childbirth stays are excluded. Muslim hospital stays cost less on average, for two reasons: more Muslim patients use government hospitals, where a stay costs a fraction of what a private hospital charges, and Muslim households have less to spend on private care. Spending less does not mean getting the same care for less money.","figures":"Muslim INR 30,104 vs Hindu INR 34,323 in 2025, INR 4,219 lower.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":null,"id":"hospital-oop-spend","latest":{"all":34064.0,"christian":38391.0,"hindu":34323.0,"muslim":30104.0,"sikh":39036.0,"year":2025},"name":"Cost of a hospital stay","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/hospital-oop-spend/","source":"health-2025","unit":"inr","years":[2017,2025]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/improved-sanitation.csv","definition":"What share of households has a toilet of any type.","figures":"Muslim 90.3% vs Hindu 80.7% in 2020, 9.6pp ahead.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":true,"id":"improved-sanitation","latest":{"all":82.5,"buddhist":87.8,"christian":91.2,"hindu":80.7,"jain":97.6,"muslim":90.3,"other":72.5,"sikh":97.5,"year":2020},"name":"Toilet access","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/improved-sanitation/","source":"nfhs-5","unit":"percent","years":[2020,2020]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/improved-water-premises.csv","definition":"What share of households gets its drinking water from an improved source located within its own premises, so nobody has to fetch water from outside. Muslim households are ahead of Hindu households here, driven by a rural advantage.","figures":"Muslim 69.3% vs Hindu 62.5% in 2018, 6.8pp ahead.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":true,"id":"improved-water-premises","latest":{"all":63.6,"christian":51.9,"hindu":62.5,"muslim":69.3,"sikh":90.7,"year":2018},"name":"Clean drinking water at home","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/improved-water-premises/","source":"nss76-housing","unit":"percent","years":[2018,2018]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/pucca-house.csv","definition":"What share of households lives in a pucca house, with walls and roof of permanent materials like brick, concrete or stone. The standard Indian measure of housing quality.","figures":"Muslim 83.6% vs Hindu 83.3% in 2018, about level.","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":true,"id":"pucca-house","latest":{"all":83.3,"christian":79.4,"hindu":83.3,"muslim":83.6,"sikh":97.0,"year":2018},"name":"Pucca housing","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/pucca-house/","source":"nss76-housing","unit":"percent","years":[2018,2018]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/ls-share.csv","definition":"How many of the 543 seats in India's national parliament (Lok Sabha) are held by Muslim MPs, counted at every general election since 1952. At the community's 14.2% population share, parity would be 77 seats; the count peaked at 49 in 1980 and stands at 24 today.","figures":"","has_states":false,"higher_is_better":null,"id":"ls-share","latest":{"muslim":4.42,"year":2024},"name":"Muslims in the Lok Sabha","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/ls-share/","source":"prs-eci-affidavits","unit":"percent","years":[1952,2024]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/mla-share.csv","definition":"Across all 31 state and UT legislative assemblies that hold elections, what share of MLA seats is held by Muslims, set against the Muslim share of each state's population (Census 2011).","figures":"","has_states":true,"higher_is_better":null,"id":"mla-share","latest":{"muslim":6.0,"year":2024},"name":"Muslim share of state assemblies","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/mla-share/","source":"prs-eci-affidavits","unit":"percent","years":[2024,2024]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/prison-rate-per-100k.csv","definition":"For every 100,000 people of a religion, how many are in prison. Allows fair comparison across communities of different size.","figures":"Muslim 63.3 vs Hindu 39.8 in 2022, 23.5 behind.","has_states":true,"higher_is_better":false,"id":"prison-rate-per-100k","latest":{"all":44.61,"christian":56.49,"hindu":39.79,"muslim":63.26,"sikh":124.54,"year":2022},"name":"Incarceration rate","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/prison-rate-per-100k/","source":"ncrb-prison","unit":"rate_per_100k","years":[2022,2022]},{"csv":"https://muslimdata.in/canonical/communal-incidents-govt.csv","definition":"Number of communal or religious rioting incidents recorded in police records each year (NCRB).","figures":"","has_states":true,"higher_is_better":null,"id":"communal-incidents-govt","latest":{"all":272.0,"year":2023},"name":"Communal incidents recorded by police","page":"https://muslimdata.in/m/communal-incidents-govt/","source":"ncrb-crime","unit":"count","years":[2015,2023]}],"site":"https://muslimdata.in"}